შუქ-ჩრდილის როლი (ანალიზი)

 

 riCard meieri amerikeli arqiteqtoria, romlis racionalizirebuli nagebobebi cnobilia Tavisi TeTri feriT. meieri daibada niu-iorkSi,niujersSi. imuSava kornelis universitetSi. aseve muSaobda skidmorTan da ouenTan.

 1959 wlidan sami wlis ganmavlobaSi imuSava breierTan. meieris nagebobebis umetesoba aris korbuzianuli periodis, anu korbuzies gavlenas ganicdida. (Semoqmedebis adreul fazaSi) meierma korbuzies bevri idea ganavrco da gaafarTova.

 meieris namuSevrebi aseve asaxavs van der roes gavlenas,raitis da luis baraganis (arqiteqtura ferebis gareSe) TeTri arqiteqturis asaxvas vpoulobT TeTr vilebSi, romelic aago samxreT italiasa da germaniaSi.

 1984 wels meieri daajildoves priziT. 2008 wels medalic moigo.

 meieris saiubileo eklesia cnobilia aseve dio padres saxeliTac. eklesia emsaxureba 8000 mlocvels. eklesiis adgili dayofilia oTx ZiriTad nawilad: pirveli nawili-eklesia Seicavs sakomunikacio centrs, meore-CRd-aRm. terasaa,xolo meoTxe nawili-dasavleT mxare gankuTvnilia baRisTvis.

 rac Seexeba dizainsa da konstruqcias, eklesia samxreTiT Seicavs sam did moxril, mrud betonis kedels. (kedeli zedapirze segmentebadaa dayofili) meieris amocana iyo, rom SigniT, interierSic maqsimalurad minimalizirebuli yofiliyo dizaini. nagebobis kedlebi Termuladaa damuSavebuli.

 Bbevri eqstraordinaluri eklesiaa romSi, meieris Senoba ki- dramatulia.. es aris sakulto centri, romelic garSemortymulia 1970 sacxovrebeli kvartliT. aq aris aseve andos, galatravas, eisenmanis arqiteqturac... meieris naTeli, TeTri eklesia qmnis dramatizms sinaTlis gamoyenebiT rogorc gareT, aseve SigniT.

  Mmeieri ase aRwers Tavis namuSevars:

“ ganaTeba aris protagonistuli da wamkiTxveli, warmomCeni sivrcisa.sinaTle aris saSualeba,romelic Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT imisaTvis,rom gamovcadoT, rogor SegviZlia movuwodoT RmerTs..”

“...sinaTle aris wyaro nagebobisa.saiubileo eklesiaSi sami betonis garsi gansazRvravs SefuTvas da garedan Semosuli sinaTle am SenobaSi aris mistiuri metafora RmerTis arsebobisa...”

“...gamWvirvaloba da sinaTle nakadad ecema saxuravebis Riobebidan...TandaTanobiT Semodis interierSi viwro ganaWrelebidan, WuWrutanebidan. xalxi atriumSi gaxveulia mistiur SuqSi...”

 mogvagondeba korbuzies laturetic, sadac iseTive Riobebia SenobaSi datanebuli, rogorc saiubileo eklesiaSi. korbuziem didi gavlena moaxdina meierze-amis dasturi es nagebobacaa.

 ferTa palitra, faqtura da masalebi saiubileo eklesiaSi TavSekavebulia, sada da lamazi. gamoyenebulia tradiciuli romauli xe,TeTri betoni (romelic gamogonebulia italcementis mier 1960 wels) da naTeli xis panelovani Seficrva, merxebi.

 Kkedlebi dafarulia TeTri WiquriT. Sesaferisad bzinavs, elvarebs jvarTan, orRanTan. eklesiis gidi ase arwers mas:”...TiTqos monawileobas viRebT locvaSi da vgrZnobT sazeimo, amaRlebul ganwyobas...”

 108,414 futis sididis Senoba erTdroulad sakulto nagebobacaa da eklesiac,SeerTebulia oTxdoniani atriumiT. gamoyenebulia betoni, mobaTqaSeba, mina. sami dramatuli, dekoratiuli betonis rkalTa mwkrivi TandaTan viTardeba simaRleSi da bolos sruldeba maRlobiT (iwyeba 56 futis simaRliT da sruldeba 88 futis simaRliT)

  

 minis Weri da iqidan Semosuli sinaTle saSualebas iZleva, rom interieri uzrunvelyofili iyos bunebrivi ganaTebiT. xolo Rame taZridan gamosuli sinaTle intraventulad avlens taZris formas da acocxlebs, axalisebs landSafts.

 roca meiers interviuSi hkiTxes, Tu romeli eklesia STaagonebda mas saiubileo eklesiis Seqmnisas, man upasuxa, rom roca daiwyo fiqri am eklesiis proeqtze, gaaxsenda aaltos eklesia finlandSi, raitis vaufaireri –aSS-Si, korbuzies nornSani da la turete. eseni aris Tanamedrove eklesiebi, romlebmac moaxdines masze udidesi gavlena da daamata-“mindoda meTqva, rom es yvela CamoTvlili mniSvnelovania Tavisi ganaTebebiT.”

 
















 marTlac, mniSvnelovani da mTavari am arqiteqtorebisaTvis ganaTebaa.maTi amocana iyo, SeeqmnaT iseTi ostaturi erTianoba nagebobisa da Suqisa, rom erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli yofiliyvnen. jer kidev 1923 wels korbuzem brZana, rom “arqiteqtura aris ostaturi, gamarTuli da brwyinvale TamaSi masebisa, romelic Suqma gamoamJRavna”

 sxvadasxvagvar eqsperimentebs atarebdnen arqtiteqtorebi, raTa mieRwiaT bunebrivi Suqis gaZlierebisaTvis, refraqciisaTvis. qmnidnen specialur proJeqtorebis sistemas, romelic Ramec dRis Suqis realur imitacias iZleoda. (rojersis proeqti-2003-05 ww., madridSi aeroporti baraxas)

 riCard meieris saiubileo eklesiaSic Taviseburad, sainteresodaa gadawyvetili ganaTebis problema.es Senoba, rogorc eqsterieri, ise interieri, bunebrivi SuqiTaa Seqmnili. aq aris TamaSi Suq-Crdilis, ganaTebis, Ria da daxuruli sivrceebis...nageboba TiTqos iqsoveba im sxivebiT, romelsac mze tyorcnis da mistiurad Semodis SigniT. meieris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,”...RmerTis metaforaa es sinaTle…”

 romi  mziani qalaqia da swored amis gamoyeneba gadawyvita meiermac. Zlieri ganaTebis gareSe es nageboba TiTqos kargavs Tavis efeqts, formebi simkveTres kargaven, Suqi qmnis, Zerwavs am Senobas srulyofilad.

 gverdiTa fasadis fanjris Riobebi da Seminuli Suqfarnebi uzrunvelyofen eklesiis navSi bunebriv ganaTebas. iqmneba ganaTebebis MmTeli ritmi, romelic icvleba weliwadis drois, Tvis,DdRisa Tu saaTis mixedviT.

 Bbunebrivi ganaTebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebis mizniT Seqmna arqiteqtorma klod raitmac (cnobili didi arqitetor raitis vaJi) samlocvelo vaifareri, romelic warmoadgens organul nagebobas tyis SuagulSi. cnobilia aseve “xis samlocvelos”saxeliTac.

 “gansakuTrebiT mindoda es xeebi da maTi tani, faqtura gamomeyenebina am sivrceSi. isini,vinc aq jdebian, SeigrZnoben sivrcis sidiades garedan Semosuls, maT irgvliv sul bunebaa.”

 raitis arqiteqtura aris erTerTi naTeli magaliTi organuli arqiteqturisa. es aris erTerTi proeqti, romelmac safuZveli daudo organul arqiteqturas.

 Kklod raitis idea xis arqiteqturaSi aqtiurad gamoyenebisa ewvia maSin, roca is amTavrebda patara restornis proeqts samxreT kaliforniaSi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg. lanCis dros is gareT iyo da zecas uyurebda da mSvenieri xedi gadaeSala Tvalwin. xis totebisgan iqmneboda ulamazesi cisartyela, romelic qmnida didebul naturalur kaTedrals. am xedma moaxdina raitze waruSleli STabeWdileba da gadaawyvetina, aseTive sivrce Seeqmna TviTonac.

 “eklesia aris adgili, sadac xalxi xvdeba erTmaneTs, mRvdels…da me vfiqrob, rom unda iyos bunebrivi garemo, xazs usvamdes RmerTis yovlisSemZleobas...”

  vaifareris eklesia cnobilia aseve “minis eklesiis” saxeliT.  mdebareobs palos verdes ranCoSi-kaliforniaSi. es aris erTaderTi modernistuli arqiteqtura frialo kldeze. aSenda 1940 wels.

 Aam periodis arqiteqtorebs aerTianebs erTi ram-yvela maTgani cdilobs sakulto nagebobaSi Seqmnas mSvidi, bunebrivi da amave dros mistiuri aura. maTi amocanaa, rom Seqmnan iseTi arqiteqtura, sadac adamianebi Tavisdauneburad ganewyobian RmerTTan Sesaxvedrad, salocavad, SeeqmnebaT sazeimo, amaRlebuli ganwyoba da amave dros, ar unda yofiliyo gadatvirTuli dekoratiuli detalebiT, freskebiT,xatebiT...

 Ggagvaxsendeba adreuli 1930iani wlebis iaponeli mwerali iuniCiro taniZaki. is mgrZnobiare iyo SenobebSi Suq-Crdilis TamaSisadmi. saubrobs “Crdilebis magiaze”tradiciul iaponur arqiteqturaSi. ”Cvenma winaprebma…ganaTebis mokveTiT

gadainacvles Crdilis samyaroSi da miaRwies misteriasa da siRrmes, romelic ufro maRla dgeba, vidre nebismieri freska Tu ornamentia...”

Dda marTlac, meieris, raitis, korbuzies, aaltosa Tu kanis sakulto nagebobebSi ver SevxvdebiT gadaWarbebul ornamentulobas, ar aris aseve arc freskebi..ar aris freskebi korbuzies laturetsa Tu ronSanSi, an aaltos seinaiokSi, magram amis miuxedavad saocrad mistiuri, Zlieri auraa Seqmnili, rac ganawyobs iq Semsvlel adamianebs salocavad, Casafiqreblad...

 korbuzies ronSani-samlocvelo safrangeTSi, notr-damSi, romelic aSenda 1955 wels.    ”aq Cven avaSenebT monuments,romelsac mivuZRvniT bunebas”

 sqeli, mrudi kedlebi, uxeSi betonis faqturis saxuravi masiuri skulpturis StabeWdilebas aZlevs. patara, naTel ferebSi Seferadebuli, erTi SexedviT asimetriuli fanjrebi sqel kedlebSi aZlevs mkrTal, magram amaRelvebel Suqs civ nagebobas. maRali koSkidan ki arapirdapiri, iribi Suqis nakadi ecema.

 samlocvelos interieri aris sada, Tavmdabali, mkacri. aRmosavleT kedelze dasmulia ramodenime  patara fanjara. samxreT kedelSi ki 16 sm sisqis kedelSia amoWrili fanjrebi.

 ronSanis eklesiis formebis kompleqsi iwvevs akustikur parabolebs, aq aRmosavleTi kedeli praqtikul rols TamaSobs-mas xmis amreklavi funqciac gaaCnia.

 ronSani aris pirveli postmodernistuli nageboba. masSi Seqmnilia mistiuri ganwyoba fanjrebidan Semosuli ganaTebebis wyalobiT. feradi aqcentebia gakeTebuli, rac acocxlebs mkacr interiers.

 aseve mistiuria la turetic...rogorc viciT, mama alen kuturiem sTxova korbuzies ”aage Cumi sacxovrisi asi sxeulis da asi sulis dasabinaveblad…” swored aseTi nageboba aaSena korbuziem. aq aris xazgasmuli siCume, simkacre...dominikaluri eklesia warmoudgenelia sxvanairi iyos. berTa asketuri cxovrebis gamoxatvas vxedavT nagebobis gangeb daumuSavebel zedapirSi. uxeSi betonis efeqtis gasaZliereblad avtors mkafio ferebad SeuRebavs tixrebi, sakurTxeveli.

 miwis feniTaa dafaruli saxuravebi da wlebis ganmavlobaSi balaxiTac dafarula, amis wyalobiT samonastro kompleqss emateba soflurobisa da pirvandelobis ganwyoba.

 fasadze aris Tavisufali mimdevrobiT ganlagebuli viwro, grZeli fanjrebi. nagebobis arqiteqturuli kulminaciaa eklesiis Sesasvleli, romelic sruldeba rkinis mkacri kariT, riTac SevdivarT bnel, adgil-adgil xazgasmiT feriT dafarul sivrceSi.

 maRali, betonis oTxkuTxedi, romelsac aqvs cota da frTxilad dasmuli aqcentebi fanjridan Semosuli sinaTlisa.

 mkacri, magram Rrma ferebi siTbos matebs eklesiis mkacr interiers. mTeli eklesia nagebia maRal mTaze.

 Bbunebisa da arqiteqturis gaerTianebas, bunebrivi ganaTebis gamoyenebas cdilobda Tavis arqiteqturaSi alvar aaltoc.

kavSiri nagebobisa da bunebisa alvar aaltos SemoqmedebaSi jer kidev adreul periodSi gamoikveTa. Mmisi proeqtebi bunebis landSafts moqnilad miyveba. iyenebs bunebriv ganaTebebs interierSi. misi interieri da eqsterieri Serwymulia zecasTan, xeebis CrdilebTan, iyenebs mzis saCrdiloblebs da pergolebs.

 kavSiri bunebasa da nagebobas Soris SenarCunebulia imiT, rom interierSi kargad Cans landSafti, xolo landSaftSi Riadaa gamotanili interieri,maT Soris zRvari minimumamdea dayvanili.

 seinaiokis eklesia miyveba axal eqspresiul plastikas,romelic man ESeqmna helsinkis kulturis saxlSi(1955w) asimetriuli auditoria samnaviani formiTaa Seqmnili, xolo centris sxva nagebobebi odnav asimetriuli gveCveneba da sxadasxvagvari zomebisaa. eklesia 800 adamians emsaxureba.290 merxia.

 seinaioksa da  meieris saiubileo eklesias Soris bevri saerToa... msagavsebaa Tundac imaSi, rom orive nageboba nagebia masiuri betonis kedlebiT, xolo kedlis drekadoba da mrudi xasiaTi ronSans mogvagonebs...aris maqsimaluri sisadave, daxuruli da Ria sivrceebis moqnili, lamazi da TiTqos skulpturulad gamosaxuli monacvleoba- meieris saiubileo eklesiasa da seinaiokSi,ronsSanSi... mkacri sisadave da sqel kedlebSi amokveTili fanjris Riobebi saiubileo nagebobisa ki gagavaxsenebs laturets.. .Zalian didia msgavseba jvris mosaTavsebelis da sakurTxevlis sivrceebis kompoziciuri da skulpturuli gadawyvetisa saiubileo eklesiasa da seionakis, ronSanis eklesiebSi... fanjrebis forma, maTi ganlageba kedlebis zeda nawilSi, rac nagebobebs idumal da mistiur Suqis nakads awvdis...

 am arqiteqtorebis mTavari gamaerTianebelia aradogmaturi midgoma sakulpto nagebobisadmi. maTi gagebiT, imisaTvis, rom igrZno Tavi salocavSi, sulac araa saWiro freskebi da xatebi, salocavi ganwyoba kargma arqiteqtorma isedac rom SeuZlia Seqmnas,  amis saukeTeso magaliTia maTi Semoqmedeba.

MmaTTvis sinaTle aramxolod ganaTebis saSualebaa, aramed iseTive samSeneblo masala da aucilebeli konstruqcia, rogorc sxva saWiro samSeneblo masalebia. marTlac, Tundac meieris saiubileo eklesia im araCveulebrivi ganaTebis gareSe, rac Seuqmna arqiteqtorma , ar iqneboda iseTi STambeWdavi,rogoric aris dRes...

P.S.

 CemTvis, rogorc indivisa da xelovanisaTvis, (…yovel SemTxvevaSi, xelovani Tu ara,xelovnebis moyvaruli mainc var..) Zalian kargi da sasixarulo iqneboda Tu Cvens sakulto arqiteqturasac am TvaliT Sexedavda Cveni sazogadoeba da Cveni arqiteqturac win waiwevda, magram jerjerobiT winsvla am mxriv ar Cans, ratom ar SeiZleba ganviTardes qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba? Mmesmis rasac ityvian Cems frazebze, rom arsebobs qristianuli dogmebi da albaT me kargad ar gavcnobivar am wesebs da imitom vlaparakob ase.. magram sulac ar aris ase, Zalian miyvars da kargad vicnob qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas, udidesi kulturis eria qarTveli eri, magram erT doneze ar unda gaviyinoT, Torem im logikiT, rac axla gvaqvs, Cveni xuroTmoZRvreba jerac ar iqneboda bazilikis dones gacdenili.. 

 Tumca,sazogadoebisac mesmis, Cven xom komunizmis reJimis wyalobiT monatrebuli varT eklesias da am TemasTan odnavi sxva rakursiT Sexebac ki Seuracxgvyofs, albaT cvlilebis droc SeumCnevlad mova..

 arc is unda ifiqros adamianma, rom me qarTveli ar var da imitom vsaubrob ase qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaze, marTalia gvariT SevCenko var, magram Tavs qarTvelad vTvli, imitom rom  qarTuli azrovnebis var da qarTul tradiciebze aRvizarde...